In addition to antibodies against traditional checkpoint molecules or their ligands (i.e., CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1), therapies targeting molecules such as ICOS, IDO-1, LAG-3, OX40, TIM-3, and VISTA are currently in clinical trials. Immunotherapies are revolutionizing cancer treatment by boosting the natural ability of the immune system. 4Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.3Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
2Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.1Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
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